Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a naturally occurring molecule making up approximately 0.04% of the earth's atmosphere. At atmospheric temperatures and pressures, CO₂ is a colorless and odorless gas that is non-flammable, stable, inert, and non-toxic.

CO₂ is a necessary component of the carbon cycle where plants and organisms utilize and recycle it. There are both natural CO₂ sources (such as plant and animal respiration, decomposition of organic matter, and volcanic eruptions) and man-made sources (such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas). CO₂ is also utilized in more common applications, such as soda pop, fire extinguishers, and water treatment. If CO₂ is produced, either naturally or through man-made sources, at a higher rate than is consumed naturally, the excess CO₂ accumulates in the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and increasing amounts in the atmosphere can lead to changes in our climate.

CCS is a method by which we can reduce the excess CO₂ in the atmosphere. It involves separating and capturing CO₂ emissions from point-sources (like industrial facilities), transporting the CO₂ to a storage site and injecting the CO₂ through wells drilled into deep underground saline formations for safe, permanent storage.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one way to reduce the amount of excess CO₂ emissions that enter the atmosphere. CCS is being utilized or considered in many industries, such as power production, steel mills, ammonia production, cement factories, and refining facilities, as a technology to reduce the impact of CO₂, other greenhouse gases, and other emissions. Industrial emissions represent approximately 25% of total U.S. CO₂ emissions and currently have few viable decarbonization options other than CCS.

CCS is a well-known and understood carbon abatement process we can deploy on a large scale with today's technologies. The emergence of incentives for safely and permanently capturing and sequestering CO₂ has helped to make the process commercially viable.

Naturally occurring CO₂ has been trapped in geologic formations for millions of years. In the oil and gas industry, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), the technique of injecting CO₂ into reservoirs to mobilize trapped oil, has been successfully deployed for over 50 years across the United States. Additionally, natural gas (methane), crude oil, and other fluids have been safely stored underground in the U.S. for decades.

To ensure that CO₂ storage is safe, operators must research the geologic formations and provide evidence of the competence of the sealing caprock. Regulations and best practices administered by the Louisiana Department of Conservation & Energy (LDC&E) protect drinking water and ensure that CO₂ is permanently stored.

CO₂ has been injected and stored underground, in some form or another, in the U.S. for over 50 years. Since the 1970s, CO₂ injection has occurred in the oil and gas industry through a process called Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). In 2011, the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) estimated over 50 million tonnes per year were injected through this well-understood process. Because permanent CO₂ storage was not commercially viable outside of EOR in the oil and gas industries until the recent creation of incentives, there were only a few dedicated storage projects across the world, with the first project starting in the 1990s.

The Gulf Coast is home to some of the country's largest CO₂ emitting industrial facilities, representing a significant share of the region's tax base and providing thousands of jobs.

The Gulf Coast also has vast amounts of underground capacity with competent caprock to safely store CO₂. Given the existing infrastructure, abundant and affordable feedstocks, and suitable geology, the Gulf Coast is well positioned to be a global leader in CCS.

The GeoDura Carbon Storage Hub will be located offshore from Cameron Parish, Louisiana, in a tract of state waters that is approximately 24,181 acres in size. Wells for the injection of CO₂ will be located 1-2 miles offshore.

Pipelines will be constructed to Johnson Bayou from nearby Lake Charles and Port Arthur industrial corridors to transport CO₂ captured from a variety of sources. Every effort will be made to co-locate this pipeline along existing 3rd party pipeline and electrical utility corridors, while minimizing impact on the surrounding community.

Once injection starts, real-time data monitoring allows the operator to update models and monitor key data, such as pressure. Adjustments to rates and injection zones are made based on data gathered through the rigorous monitoring program.

For current OnStream projects, storage formations are more than a mile deep, with caprocks of about 100-200 feet thick. Permanent CO₂ storage occurs in deep saline formations composed of sandstones situated below and sealed by thick, continuous shale caprocks. These caprocks are tested during the drilling process to ensure the CO₂ stays in the formations where it is injected, preventing its migration out of zone. GeoDura will monitor conditions above the caprock to ensure that injected CO₂ stays in zone and is stored securely underground.

The CO₂ will be permanently stored in between sand grains in the injection interval more than a mile below the surface. Underground, the CO₂ is trapped in place by a thick caprock. Over time, the CO₂ will dissolve in the brine and eventually it will mineralize and precipitate forming new rocks.

In Louisiana, CO₂ storage is rigorously regulated by the Louisiana Department of Conservation & Energy (LDC&E). The state's Underground Injection Control (UIC) program regulates injection wells used to place fluid underground. The UIC Program is designed to protect Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDWs). The UIC program includes several well categories. The category for CO₂ injection with permanent storage is called Class VI.

The monitoring requirements for a CO₂ injection well start before injection begins by gathering baseline data and includes a variety of methods to monitor and protect public health and drinking water. There is a minimum set of monitoring requirements regulated by LDC&E for CCS projects that include pressure monitoring, fluid sampling, CO₂ plume tracking, monitoring wells, and a variety of underground leak-detection methods. Additional monitoring methods may be put in place based on recommendations by industry experts. The Class VI regulations require ongoing testing, monitoring, reporting, and compliance verification during the pre-injection, injection, and post-injection periods to validate that the CO₂ remains in the intended formations.

Safety plans for CCS projects are comprehensive and designed to monitor and detect any potential leaks, ensuring the integrity of storage reservoirs and safeguarding the surrounding environments. These plans incorporate various measures, including seismic monitoring and modeling techniques, helping to identify potential risks before they can develop into a problem.

Louisiana is uniquely positioned to become a leader in CCS deployment. By leveraging the State’s extensive energy infrastructure, a highly skilled energy workforce and ideal geological conditions, OnStream projects can help create local benefits while meeting global energy demands.

Construction and operations of OnStream projects would also fuel people’s quality of life by creating: good-paying jobs; additional tax revenue supporting key local priorities; procurement spending stimulates local economies; and our community investment grants and volunteerism support community-strengthening initiatives.

1. Job Creation: OnStream projects generate good-paying jobs during construction, and ongoing operations. Hubs like GeoDura also bring jobs into communities as new-low carbon projects look for locations served by carbon storage.
2. Increased Tax Revenue: OnStream projects would contribute significantly to state and local tax revenue through sales and property tax. These funds can be used to support key local priorities, enhancing quality of life.
3. Economic Stimulus: By purchasing local goods and services, OnStream projects would stimulate local economies fostering economic growth.
4. Community Investment: OnStream is committed to communities where we work and operate. Our first project, GeoDura, is actively supporting community investments and volunteerism efforts. These efforts support community-strengthening projects that improve the quality of life.

Please visit GeoDura.com to explore all the economic and community benefits our GeoDura project will bring to Cameron Parish.